Title	Immunology
Code	ÚBEV/IMU1/03	Teacher	Paulíková Edita
ECTS credits	3	Hrs/week	2/-
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture
Objective	To provide students with knowledge on immunological mechanisms at cell and organism levels.
Content	Cells and tissues of the immune system. Cooperation between T, B and antigen presenting cells. Non-specific lymphocytic stimulation. Innate immunity. Antigen recognition by lymphocytes. Cell receptors. Immune response. The major histocompatibility complex. The adaptive immune response. T-cells mediated immunity. The humoral immune response. Hypersensitivity. Transplantation immunology. The immune system in health and disease
Exclusive courses	ÚBEV/IMUF/03
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/IMU1/01
Recommended reading	Janeway, Ch. A. Jr., Travers, P.: Immunobiology. Blackwell Sci. Pub. Oxford, 1994

Title	Molecular Basis of Ontogenetic Development
Code	ÚBEV/MZO1/03	Teacher	Mišúrová Eva
ECTS credits	3	Hrs/week	2/-
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture
Objective	To provide students with basic knowledge of the principles and molecular-biological mechanisms of the ontogenetic development of animal and plant organisms.
Content	Regulation of the ontogenetic development in eukaryotic organisms. Programme of ontogenetic development. Cell determination and differentiation. Molecular mechanisms of formation of specialised cell types. Epigenetic mechanisms of cellular memory. Imprinting. Combinatory control of eukaryotic genes. Regulatory genes. Establishment of cell position. Formation of the embryonic body plan. Establishment of the main axis of body. Shape formation. Cloning of multicellular organisms.
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/VMB1/00 or ÚBEV/VMB1/03
Recommended reading	Gerhard,J.,Kirschener,M.: Cells, Embryos and Evolution. Blacwell Science Inc., Massachusett, Oxford, London,1997

Title	Cytopathology
Code	ÚBEV/CTP1/01	Teacher	Fedoročko Peter
ECTS credits	3	Hrs/week	2/-
Assessment	Examination	Semester	2
T/L method	Lecture
Objective	To provide students with a knowledge of the basic biological principles of carcinogenesis.
Content	Tumor development. Tumor growth and metastatic potential. Cell cycle regulation and pathogenesis of cancer. Apoptosis in tumor growth and metastasis. Oncogenes and cancer. Tumor suppressor genes. Metastasis suppressor genes. Angiogenesis in cancer. Cell surface glycoproteins and their receptors. Proteinases and their inhibitors in cancer invasion. Radio-, chemo- and immunotherapy.
Recommended reading	Sherbet, G.V., Lakshmi, M. S.: The Genetics of Cancer. Genes Associated with Cancer Invasion, Metastasis and Cell Proliferation. Academic Press, London, 1997 Shebert, G. V.: The biology of tumor malignancy. Academic Press, London, 1982

Title	Cytogenetics and Karyology
Code	ÚBEV/CK1/03	Teacher	Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	4	Hrs/week	1/2
Assessment	Examination	Semester	2
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide students with knowledge and experience in genetic processes at the cell level using the newest scientific findings of cytogenetics and moleculoar cytology. To have students become acquainted in detail with the results coming from human genome mapping.
Content	Organisation of eukaryotic genome. Nuclear skeleton. Nucleolus; nucleolar skeleton. Chromatin structure and changes of chromatin. Levels of DNA organisation in cell nucleus. Chromosomes. Polythene chromosomes. Cell cycle. Genetic regulation of a cell cycle. Genetic regulation of cell differentiation. Apoptosis. Telomeres and function of telomerase. Molecular cytology. Basic characteristics of the human genome project: what we can learn from it?
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/CK1/99
Recommended reading	Russel, J.P.: Genetics, Third Edition, Harper Collins Publisher, New York 1992 Periodicals, Internet sources

Title	Model Organisms in Genetics
Code	ÚBEV/MOG/03	Teacher	Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	5	Hrs/week	1/2
Assessment	Examination	Semester	2
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide students with information on model systems of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms used in genetic research.
Content	Basic properties of model organisms used in genetics. Prokaryotic model systems (Escherichia coli, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes). Model systems of simple eukaryotic organisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa). Plant and animal model systems in vitro and in vivo. Caenorhabditis elegans. Arabidopsis thaliana. Mendel´s laws. Drosophila melanogaster. Morgan´s rules. Mus musculus. Human genome. Transgenic plants and animals. HeLa cells. Stem cells. Genetic importance of the study of twins. Genetic databases.
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/MOG1/99
Recommended reading	Genetic periodicals Internet sources

Title	Human Genetics
Code	ÚBEV/GC1/01	Teacher	Bruňáková Katarína, Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	5	Hrs/week	2/1
Assessment	Examination	Semester	2
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide students with the basic knowledge concerning human genetics, the role of genetic factors in pathologic processes, the factors of inheritance, and the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders.
Content	The genetic basics of physiological variability and pathological traits of individuals; human population genetics; the patterns of inheritance and pedigree problem solving; the basic methods used in human genetics: genealogy, linkage analysis and the gene mapping, cytogenetic analysis and karyotyping, the DNA diagnosis of pathological traits; the treatment of genetic disorders.
Recommended reading	Thompson JS, Thompson MW (2001): Genetics in Medicine 6/e. W.B.Sounders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Friedman JM, Dill FJ, Hayden MR, McGillivray BC (1996): Genetics 2/e. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Title	Evolutionary Biology
Code	ÚBEV/EB1/99	Teacher	Mártonfi Pavol, Šmajda Beňadik, Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	3	Hrs/week	2/-
Assessment	Examination	Semester	3
T/L method	Lecture
Objective	To familiarise students with the fundamentals of the evolution of living organisms.
Content	Historical overview of evolutionary theories. The origin of life. Elements of evolution: mutations, population waves, and isolation. Natural selection. Molecular evolution. Adaptations and their classification. Concept of species. Macroevolution. Evolution of functions and organs, evolution of ontogeny. Phylogeny of animals. Evolutionary progress. Anthropogenesis. Plant diversity. Primary and secondary speciation of plants. Reproduction-isolation mechanisms. Hybridisation and introgression of plants. Polyploidy. Reproductive systems in plants.
Recommended reading	Futuyama, D.J.: Evolutionary biology, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 3rd ed., 1997 Dobzhansky T. et al.: Evolution. San Francisco 1977

Compulsory elective courses

Title	Basic Bioinformatics
Code	ÚBEV/BI1/03	Teacher	Saxová Patrícia, Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	6	Hrs/week	2/2
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To give students interdisciplinary experience in the application of mathematical methods and computer science approaches to solving some problems in Molecular Biology, as, for example, the analysis of nucleotide and protein sequences, genome study, etc.
Content	Comparison of nucleotide and protein sequences, molecular evolution, evolutionary trees, work with biological databases, use of neuron networks and HMM in Bioinformatics. Practical work using concrete bioinformatic programs accessible on the Internet.
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/BI1/01
Recommended reading	Grau D. & Li W.-H.: Fundamentals of Molecular Evolutions, Sinuar Associates, 2000. Durbin, R., Eddy, S., Krogh, A. & Mitchison, G.: Biological SequenceAnalysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, CUP, 1999

Title	Ethology
Code	ÚBEV/ETO1/03	Teacher	Majláth Igor
ECTS credits	6	Hrs/week	2/2
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To teach students to know and to be aware of the importance of the behavioural aspect in biological sciences.
Content	History and development of ethology. Ethological methods. The innate forms of behaviour. The simplest forms of learning: conditioning and instrumental learning. Higher forms of learning. Social behaviour. Sexual behaviour. Play behaviour. Biological rhythms. Orientation in space and animal migrations. Communication systems of animals. Emotions. Aggression in animal and human behaviour. Abnormal forms of behaviour
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/ETO1/99
Recommended reading	Franck, D.: Verhaltensbiologie. Einfuhrung in die Ethologie. Georg Thieme-Verlag, 1993 Manning, A., Dawkins, M. S.: An introduction to animal behaviour. Cambridge University Press, 1992

Title	Plant Biotechnology
Code	ÚBEV/BTR1/06	Teacher	Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	6	Hrs/week	2/3
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To give students theoretical and practical knowledge of plant tissue culture in vitro.
Content	Genetics and physiology of plant cell and tissue culture, protoplasts, embryoids and organs cultured in vitro under sterile conditions. Use of tissue culture in research and praxis. Cryopreservation of plant cells and tissues. Immobilised plant systems. Genetic transformation of plants and expression of foreign genes.
Recommended reading	Dodds, J. H. and Roberts, L. W.: Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture. Cambridge University Press, 1985 Periodicals and Internet sources

Title	Vertebrate Embryology
Code	ÚBEV/EMZ1/00	Teacher	Daxnerová Zuzana
ECTS credits	3	Hrs/week	2/-
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture
Objective	To provide students with the basic facts of normal development of animals.
Content	Asexual and sexual reproduction. Gametogenesis. Embryogenesis: gastrulation and primary organ formation. Organogenesis. Morphogenetic processes in organogenesis. Embryonic membranes in birds and mammals. Placentation.
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/EMZ1/99
Recommended reading	Langman, J.: Medical Embryology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, London, 1981 Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V. N.: Before we are born. W.B. Saunders Company Philadelphia, 1993

Title	Practical in Immunology
Code	ÚBEV/IMUC1/03	Teacher	Paulíková Edita
ECTS credits	3	Hrs/week	-/3
Assessment	Assessment	Semester	1
T/L method	Practical
Objective	To teach the students the basic techniques used in immunology.
Content	The topics of exercises are determined by  the themes of lectures.
Prerequisite courses	ÚBEV/IMU1/03
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/CIM1/01
Recommended reading	Study materials provided by teacher.

Title	Introduction to Gene Manipulations
Code	ÚBEV/UGM1/03	Teacher	Kolesárová Mariana, Vilček Štefan
ECTS credits	6	Hrs/week	2/2
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide  students with the principles of preparation and application of techniques of recombinant DNA.
Content	Isolation of nucleic acids. Restriction endonucleases. Digestion and ligation of DNA. Other enzymes used for DNA manipulation. Labeling of DNA. Nucleic acid hybridisation. PCR. Preparation of recombinant DNA. Recombinant vectors. Selection markers. Transfer of recombinant DNA to the cells. Selection of recombinants. Expression of heterologous genes in E. coli. DNA sequencing.
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/UGM1/99
Recommended reading	Old, R.W., Primrose, S. B.: Principles of Genetic Manipulation. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publication, London, 1992 Brown, T. A. Gene Cloning. An Inroduction. Champan Hall, London, 1996

Title	Animal and Human Ecophysiology
Code	ÚBEV/EFZ1/03	Teacher	Ahlersová Eva, Bojková Bianka
ECTS credits	6	Hrs/week	2/2
Assessment	Examination	Semester	1
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide students with knowledge of the basic mechanisms and principles of the action of environmental conditions on internal physiological processes. To familiarise students with the possible mechanisms of adaptation of animals to extreme values of environmental factors.
Content	The influence of environmental factors in phylogeny and ontogeny. The course of the stress reaction; kinds of adaptation. Pathology of adaptation processes: general symptoms of pathological processes. Adaptations based on vital factors of the environment: adaptations to changes in food intake (starvation and overfeeding), to hypo- and hyperbary, to increased water salinity, to gravitation, to high and low temperatures, to electricity, electromagnetic fields and laser beams, to  noise, to both non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, to ultrasound and vibrations in living organisms.
Alternate courses	ÚBEV/EFZ1a/99

Title	Plant Molecular Biology
Code	ÚBEV/MBR1/05	Teacher	Čellárová Eva
ECTS credits	6	Hrs/week	2/3
Assessment	Examination	Semester	2
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide students with a knowledge of gene expression in plants.
Content	Organisation of plant genome. Regulation sequences, gene families, repetitive sequences. Genes coding for t-RNA, r-RNA and structural genes. Regulation of gene expression in plants. Structure and function of mtDNA and cpDNA. Mitochondrial plasmids. Biotic and abiotic stress. Plant viruses. Agrobacterium sp. and its genetic importance. Ti and Ri plasmids. Methods of genetic transformation. Transgenes. GMO.
Recommended reading	Buchanan, B. B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. J.: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. America Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, 2000 Hansen E., Harper, G.:Differentially Expressed Genes in Plants, Taylor and Francis, London 1997 Leister, D.: Plant Functional Genomic. The Haworth Press New York, 2004

Title	Practical  in Cytopathology
Code	ÚBEV/SCT1/01	Teacher	Fedoročko Peter
ECTS credits	2	Hrs/week	25/sem
Assessment	Assessment	Semester	2
T/L method	Practical
Objective	To provide students with experimental work in a cell culture laboratory.
Content	Cell and tissue culture and associated techniques. General procedures for cell culture. Cell proliferation assay (MTT test). Cell preparation techniques (centrifugal elutriation). Model systems to study differentiation (myeloid HL-60 Leukemia Cells). Tumorigenicity assays; cytotoxic and cell growth assays.
Prerequisite courses	ÚBEV/CTP1/01
Recommended reading	Celis, J. E.: Cell Biology. 2nd ed., Academic Press, London, 1997

Title	Experimental Techniques in Biology
Code	ÚBEV/ETB1/99	Teacher	Solár Peter
ECTS credits	4	Hrs/week	-/4
Assessment	Assessment	Semester	2
T/L method	Practical
Objective	To provide the students with the knowledge of basic experimental techniques in biology.
Content	Manipulation with laboratory animals. Narcotizing of the animals. Operating techniques. Basic research methods.
Recommended reading	Zutphen, L. F. M., Baumans, V., Beynen, A. C.: Principles of Laboratory Animal Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993

Title	Population Genetics
Code	ÚBEV/PG1/03	Teacher	Čellárová Eva, Brezáni Peter
ECTS credits	5	Hrs/week	2/1
Assessment	Examination	Semester	2
T/L method	Lecture, Practical
Objective	To provide students with an understanding of genetic relations at the population level, the importance of population equilibrium and the consequences of its changes.
Content	Genofond and genotype composition of a population. Genetic equilibrium of the population: Hardy-Weinberg law, linkage disequilibrium. Random mating and inbreeding, consequences of inbreeding in population: Bernstein-Wright law, consanguinity, homogamy, Wahlund effect. Mutations and mutation pressure, selection and selection pressure, fitness. Random effects: genetic drift, migration. Genetic isolates and their consequences; genetic polymorphism. Evolutionary significance of genofond changes.
Recommended reading	Griffiths, A.J.F. et al.: Modern Genetic Analysis, W.H.Freeman and Co., New York, 1999